I. Definitions
A. Anatomy--study of body structure; the names of the body parts
1. gross anatomy--general body structures that can be seen with the naked eye
2. microscopic anatomy--cannot be seen with the naked eye
a. cytology--study of cells
b. histology--study of tissues
B. Physiology--study of the functions of the body parts
- What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
- What are the two types of anatomy?
- Why do we call this class human anatomy and not anantomy/physiology?
- What is the difference between cytology and histology?
II. Major Gross Body Regions
A. head (cephalic) and neck (cervical)
B. extremities
C. trunk (the body minus the head, neck and extremities)
1. chest (thoracic)
2. abdomen (celiac)
a. epigastric--upper middle portion
b. umbilical--central portion
c. hypogastric--lower middle portion
d. hypochondriac--either side of epigastric
e. lumbar--either side of umbilical
f. iliac--either side of hypogastric
3. back
a. dorsum--upper back (between and just below shoulder blades)
b. lumbar--lower back or loin
4. axillary--armpit
5. gluteal--buttocks
6. pubic--genitals area where the hair grows
7. inguinal--groin
8. perineum--region between the anus and the reproductive organs
- Did you label your "naked" man diagram?
- Did you practice labeling on the diagram section of this web page?
- Have you made your flash card for extra practice and study?
- Fill in the diagram with the abdominal regions.
III. Body Positions
A. Anatomical Position--body erect, feet on floor and slightly apart, head and palms facing forward
1. supine--refers to the body lying face upward
2. prone--refers to the body lying face downward
In which body position do you find this diagram?
B. Directional Terms
1. anterior (ventral)--the front side of the body
2. posterior (dorsal)--the back side of the body
3. superior (cranial)--toward the head
4. inferior (caudal)--away from the head
5. medial--toward the midline of the body
6. lateral--away from the midline of the body
7. proximal--closer to the point of attachment
8. distal--farther from the point of attachment
9. superficial (external)--located close to or on the body surface
10. deep (internal)--located beneath the body surface
Draw arrows showing the direction of each of the terms from the notes on the left.
C. Body Planes1. sagittal--longitudinal section that divides the body into right and left portions
a. median or midsagittal--directly down the middle of the body
b. parasagittal--divides anywhere except for right down the middle; divides the body into unequal parts
2. frontal (coronal)--divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
3. transverse--divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions
D. Body Cavities
1. dorsal (posterior)
a. cranial cavity--houses the brain
b. spinal (vertebral) cavity--contains the spinal cord
2. ventral (anterior)
a. thoracic cavity
(1). pericardial cavity-surrounds the heart
(2). pleural cavities--surrounds the lungs
b. abdominopelvic
(1). abdominal cavity--contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and the small and large intestine
(2). pelvic cavity--contains the lower part of the digestive system (rectum), the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs of the female
Use the diagram below to practice pointing out the various body cavities.
Can you name at least one organ found in each cavity?
IV. Basic Structural Levels
A. Cells--the basic unit of life
B. Tissues--groups of similar cells working together
1. epithelial tissue--covers the surface of the body and lines the cavities
2. nervous tissue--forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
3. connective tissue--used for support (bones and and cartilage), for the attachment of other tissues (tendons, ligaments, and fascia), or for other specialized functions (blood)
4. muscle tissue--moves parts attached to it; skeletal, smooth, cardiac
C. Organs--groups of similar tissues working together
D. Systems--organs working together to perform a specific body function
1. integumentary--protects internal body structures against injury and foreign substances; prevents fluid loss; important in temperature regulation
2. skeletal--supports and protects soft tissues and organs; provides framework; attachments for muscles; produces blood cells
3. muscular--moves body and its parts; maintenance of posture; production of body heat
4. nervous--controls and integrates body activities; responsible for "higher functions" such as thought and reasoning
5. endocrine--regulates body metabolism
6. cardiovascular--transports materials between different cells and tissues
7. immune--protects the body against infection and invasion
8. respiratory--provides for the intake and output of air, as well as the exchange of gases
9. digestive--supplies body with substance (food) from which energy is derived; transports wastes from the body
10. urinary--filters wastes from the blood; helps maintain water and electrolyte balance
11. reproductive--produces gametes; continues the species
- What are the four structural levels of the human body?
- Name as many organelles found in animal cells as you know.
- What are the four tissue types?
- Give one example of each.
Define:
- epi
- hypo
- hyper
- gastric
- trans
- anat
In what system would you find the following organs?